The ships did not set sail again until July. England was still a Catholic country and the pope's consent was required before Henry could get a divorce. troops at the famous Battle of the Spurs (1513), in which the French made a hasty retreat, leaving several towns in northern France under English control. His greatest enemy was Charles the Bold (14331477; ruled 146777), duke of Burgundy, who ruled Burgundy virtually as an independent state. Vasco Nuez de Balboa (14751519) traveled across the Isthmus of Panama, and Juan Ponce de Len (14601521) searched for the mythical Fountain of Youth in Florida. In pursuit of the second he led France, in 1635, into the Thirty Years' War (16181648), a series of conflicts fought mainly in Germany over many social, political, and religious issues (see "Thirty Years' War" in Chapter 6). Initially reluctant to become involved, Elizabeth finally accepted the argument that England, as the chief Protestant power in Europe, had an obligation to aid Protestants elsewhere. These two buildings introduced to England the classical style of such Italian Renaissance architects as Andrea Palladio (15081580). Tons of silver from the mines of Potosi as well as Mexican and Peruvian gold and gems were streaming into Spanish ports aboard giant galleons (the large, heavy ships used by Spain). The forty-five-year reign of Elizabeth I was darkened by the executions of her cousin Mary Stuart (Mary, Queen of Scots) and of her favorite courtier, Robert Devereux, earl of Essex. In May 1533 Henry's divorce was granted by Thomas Cranmer (14891556), the new archbishop of Canterbury (head of the Anglican Church). Person as author : Doumas, Christos In : History of humanity: scientific and cultural development, v.II: From the third millennium to the seventh century B.C., p. 146-151 Language : English Also available in : Also available in : Franais Year of publication : 1996 By the year 1700, there were not two, but five important European empires with influence throughout the world: Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands. Philip was convinced, however, that God had chosen him for a special mission to defend the Catholic faith. kingdom definition: 1. a country ruled by a king or queen: 2. an area that is controlled by a particular person or. He lost power to John Dudley (15021553), earl of Warwick, who was the most important figure in the government for the remainder of Edward's reign. Soon he had many enthusiastic followers called Lutherans, who joined him in initiating the Protestant Reformation. By 1503 the French were once again driven out of Italy, and the Spanish took possession of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Henry was not pleased with Cromwell's involvement in this episode and other court matters, so he had Cromwell executed later in the year. Monarchs (kings and queen with supreme rule) in France, England, and Spain responded to the chaotic situation in Europe by consolidating their power. The Italian Wars began in 1494, when Charles was asked by the Sforzas, the family that ruled the city-state of Milan, to join them and Swiss mercenaries in seizing Florence from the Medici family (see "Milan" in Chapter 2). The forerunner to the European explorers was the Venetian traveler Marco Polo (12541324). He firmly established the strength of the monarchy by enforcing his royal powers. They rarely called meetings of the Cortes (Parliament, or central law-making body) and they appointed middle-class people to government offices. In 1559 Elizabeth restored the Anglican Church, taking the title Supreme Governor of the Church. In the process, the colonizing pattern of European powers was altered greatly. . Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The problem with being a latecomer to world exploration and conquest was that most of the good lands were already occupied and defended by superior Spanish and Portuguese navies. Once within range of the Armada, the English ships were able to fire their weapons at the Spanish vessels from a relatively safe distance. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Although the secretary had seen slaughter and bloodshed during Irish wars with the English, he reported that he had seen nothing like the carnage that awaited him that autumn day. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Charlemagne's Rise to Power. Although they appreciated his will to resist the mighty Spanish kingdom, they felt that Francis was committing heresy by allying with what Christians considered "infidel" Turks to slaughter fellow Christians. Louis's mother, Marie de Mdicis (15191589), acted as regent (interim ruler) in the early years of his reign. 3. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. The Dutch troubles worsened in 1578 when Philip approved the assassination of Juan de Escobedo (died 1578), John of Austria's dangerous and ambitious secretary. Encyclopedia.com. For instance, he threw a servant out of the window when the young man crossed him. Thus, from the outset of their arrival in Spain, Jews were separated from Christians. A learned man himself, James wrote two studies of political theory, The True Law of Free Monarchy (1598) and Baslikon doron ("Royal gift"; 1599). Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. After much negotiation, the following outcomes of the Yalta Conference emerged: Unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany, the division of Germany and Berlin into four occupational zones controlled by the United States, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union. The light and quick English ships also had the advantage of being able to outmaneuver the bulky Spanish galleons. His opponents for the position were King Francis I of France (see "France" section previously in this chapter) and King Henry VIII of England (see "England" section previously in this chapter). In 1568, at the height of his Dutch troubles, Philip experienced several other misfortunes. The Spanish king, Ferdinand II of Aragon, had conquered and an nexed the small kingdom of Navarre, situated between France and Spain on the Bay of Biscay (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). In the early 1500s they continued the crusade against the Moors into North Africa with a series of military expeditions. Complete disaster awaited Francis at Pavia, a city near Milan, in February 1525. Ten years later, France declared bankruptcy (a lack of funds to pay bills). In Rise of Kingdoms is a mobile MMO real-time strategy game inspired by history. In the aftermath of Marignano, Francis took the duchy of Milan, and Pope Leo X(14751521; reigned 151321) gave him neighboring Parma and Piacenza. The French would meanwhile send a fleet to take Genoa and Naples. A: Red He theorized that one did not need to sail east for a year to reach the Indies. Elizabeth was followed by James VI of Scotland, who became King James I of England (ruled 160325). "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain The great soldier Bertrand du Guesclin (pronounced gay-klahn; c. 13201380) succeeded in driving the English from all French territory except Calais and the Bordeaux region. Like her mother, Catherine of Aragon, Mary was pro-Spanish and Catholic. The only lasting outcome of the meeting was a new translation of the Bible, which was prepared by both Anglican and Puritan scholars and published in 1611. Surrounded by young playmates, he learned the strategy and methods of Renaissance warfare and showed signs of unusual talent at the craft. It also called for Francis's two sons to be held in Madrid for a ransom (money paid for releasing a hostage) of two million gold crowns (a large sum of Spanish money). Finally, he became so obsessed by his rivalry with Holy Roman Emperor Charles V that he lost all sense of proportion, spending heavily on unsuccessful wars against Spain. Q: France and Germany were both once part of what Feudal Kingdom? Over the next thirty years the French armies continued to advance, winning major battles against the English. Although there was no mention of heirs, Spanish law stated that the monarchs' heir would inherit both kingdoms. The main problem was that Charles was a foreigner. She was beheaded, along with her husband, Guildford Dudley, in 1554. Reviews. Ferdinand and Isabella also took over a municipal league known as the Santa Hermandad (Holy Brotherhood), which had provided mutual assistance and protection to its members for several centuries. Olivares had plans for far-reaching reform that he hoped would solve Spain's economic and political problems. He did his best to save the fleet, and the Armada sailed north. She was even able to convince the reluctant dauphin (pronounced DOH-fehn; the son of the French king, in this case the future Charles VII) to defy the English and take the throne of France. Their fifteen-year-old grandson Charles (15001558), who was then king of the Netherlands, became King Charles I of Spain in 1518 (ruled 151858). Meanwhile, Charles V had formed an alliance with Pope Clement VII (14781534; reigned 152334). Meme Explained: This meme refers to the fact that by definition of Sun Tzu, a Chinese General, Strategist, Phillosopher and the author of the famous book, "the art of war", a kingdom once destroyed, cannot rise again to what it used to be. Below the lords were vassals (knights), who held smaller amounts of land awarded to them by lords. The Italian Wars were continued with renewed vigor under King Francis I (14941547; ruled 151547), who became known as a Renaissance prince during his long reign. "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Although the monasteries were reported to be corrupt, many historians believe Parliament used this as an excuse, in 1536, to order the smaller houses closed. The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 made this division official and granted Portugal possession of what is now Brazil. 30 seconds. He made three more voyages to the "Indies" (in 1493, 1498, and 1502) to confirm his theory and to colonize the islands he had already explored. King John II of Portugal therefore decided to have his captains circumnavigate (sail around) the African continent and reach India by way of the ocean. The horrified Clement, who had been locked away in a tower for his own safety, quickly joined Henry in making peace with Charles. In the 1860s, the Kingdom of Prussia, led by Kaiser Wilhelm I and his prime minister, Otto von Bismarck, initiated a series of conflicts designed to unite the German states under their influence. Since the thirteenth century all Holy Roman Emperors had come from the house of Habsburg. French explore inland water routes Nearly sixty years later, and farther north, Henry Hudson (died 1611), a British captain sailing for the Dutch, led his expedition in search of the Northwest Passage. You have to answer the questions about Rise of kingdoms and world history, in return, you will earn Gems and some other small rewards. The Waldensians were advocates of the views of Peter Waldo (also known as Pierre Valds; d. before 1218), an early French religious reformer who protested against corruption in the Catholic Church. Religious fanaticism soon intensified. coast of North America. Some European explorers were inspired by the myth of Prester John, a Christian king rumored to be living somewhere in eastern Asia. King John I (c. 13571433; ruled 13851433) was the founder of the powerful Aviz dynasty. Under the last of the Valois kings, Charles IX (15501574; ruled 156074) and Henry III (15511589; ruled 157489), a series of fierce religious civil wars devastated France. In the sixteenth century, during the reign of King Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V), the Spanish empire spread east from Spain to include the kingdoms of Germany, Hungary, Bohemia, Naples, and Sicily. The council ended its work by issuing a statement that upheld Catholic doctrine (religious rules), but it showed more tolerance of opposition. Publisher's summary: Confraternities were the most common form of organized religious life in medieval and early modern Europe. . Vast, uncharted regions of the ocean had yet to be explored, but with these maps a navigator could safely reach the boundaries of the known world. . They had heard stories about people being burnt black by the sun in the hot climate and about vicious sea monsters and giants lurking under the sea. Cao Cao In 1527 Henry began demanding a divorce from Catherine so he could marry Anne Boleyn (c. 15071536), an attendant in the court of Queen Claude of France. The Spanish won two battles at Genoa and were victorious at nearby Savona and at Aversa in the south. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain. Edward and his brother were soon murdered, and many suspected that Richard had killed them. Although aware of Columbus's ships went off course and he did not reach Asia. Five years later Mary, who was now near death, named Elizabeth to be her successor. Storming of the Bastille: From the 17th to 19th centuries, the Kingdom of Prussia was mostly in which modern country? Clearly there were some key conflicting interests that needed to be addressed. First, he wanted to distribute taxes throughout the country and, second, he wanted to abolish privileges given to certain provinces. Cromwell therefore declared the marriage invalid shortly after he conducted the wedding Meanwhile, in 1580, Philip had claimed the throne of Portugal. Great Britain was born on the first of May, 310 years ago. Margaret was exiled to France, and Henry lived the rest of his life imprisoned in the Tower of London (a prison for members of the royalty and nobility). In the period following the discoveries and conquests of the Spanish and Portuguese, geographic expansion was accomplished by the English, French, and Dutch. Establishes Anglican Church Henry VIII is best known today for establish ing the Anglican Church (Church of England) after the pope refused to let him get a divorce from his first wife. Prominent members of the royal family and the court frequently played roles in these productions. The Renaissance palace at Hampton Court was the scene of many splendid entertainments. 1 France And Germany Were Both Once Part Of What Kingdom? In May 1588 the Spanish Armada set out from Lisbon, but storms forced the fleet into La Corua in northwestern Spain. The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic era. He included a note suggesting that the Samuri use the body parts to make himself a curry (an Indian dish with spices). Mary Tudor (15161558; ruled 155358) took the throne as Queen Mary I in 1553, after Jane Grey's nine-day reign. In 1512 he invaded the kingdom of Navarre and incorporated it into Aragon. Only eight Portuguese were killed. Edward began to lose support, even in the house of York. Some contended that conversion was the best policy. Once a Dutch presence had been established in the Spice Islands, ships commissioned by the Dutch East India Company assaulted Portuguese ports from the Indian Ocean to China. Shortly after the death of Henry V, Charles VII (14031461; ruled 142261), who was Charles VI's son, slowly began to regain French territories from the English. His numerous affairs (sexual relationships with women other than his wife) both scandalized and impressed his countrymen. Barbarossa fled to Algiers (now Algeria), in North Africa, with the remnant of his fleet. T o F, the rise of the Ottoman Turks' empire between the thirteenth and fifteenth century and more. The revolt was distracting Charles's attention, so the French were able to move into Navarre and wage war with Spain. During the next four years, however, the war with Spain went poorly for Francis. Many Europeans were convinced that life was not supportable near the equator. 11 unique nations and growing: You can choose to become either Rome, Germany, Britain, France, Spain, China, Japan, Korea, Arabia, Ottoman or Byzantium and start building your own city to become the most powerful one in the kingdom!Each nation has its own unique pros and cons. The successful siege ended a five-year Spanish offensive that conquered more than thirty rebel Dutch towns and maintained Spanish and Catholic control of the southern provinces of the Netherlands until 1714. He had the boy trained in Spanish customs and politics and even made out a will naming the young Ferdinand as his heir. Yet Elizabeth is best remembered for her accomplishments, such as strengthening the Anglican Church and keeping government finances stable. A brutal campaign against the Waldensians demolished twenty-two towns and killed four thousand people. Sitting on horses in their gleaming armor, the Spaniards looked like gods to the Aztec. On April 9, 1609, King Philip III signed a decree of expulsion. This movement, led by Hugh O'Neill (c. 15401616), earl of Tyrone, was designed to gain Irish independence from England. Elizabeth was highly educated. This included four kingdoms, six grand duchies . Essex had numerous clashes with two of the queen's most able ministers, William Cecil (15201598) and his son, Robert Cecil (15631612). Great things take some time to shine. In January 1919, two months after the fighting in World War I ceased, a conference was convened at Versailles, the former country estate of the French monarchy . Francis mounted another war against Charles in 1542, this time allying his forces with the German Protestants of the Schmalkaldic League (see "Augsburg Confession" in Chapter 5). An important revolution in English architecture was begun by Inigo Jones (15731652). By that time Germanic tribes, called the Visigoths, had carved up Spain Both Somerset and Warwick approved of further reform in the church. The loss of the monasteries was felt in various ways. Each house used the image of a rose to represent itselfa red rose for Lancaster and a white rose for York. At the time Charles was preoccupied with campaigning for the position of emperor and with putting down the Comuneros revolt, so he dismissed Luther as an insignificant heretic. During Elizabeth's reign England also began emerging as a great sea power, which eventually gave rise to the expansion of the British Empire over the next three centuries. Moctezuma II, the Aztec ruler, gave gifts of gold and silver as peace offerings. France allied with the Protestants and against the Austrians and the Spanish. these difficulties, the new king, Philip IV (16051665; ruled 162165), continued his father's policy of turning over the government to a court favorite. Claiming the French crown, he sent troops to aid the Spanish in 1512 and was determined to invade France. At that time he was feudal lord of a greater part of France, including Normandy, Brittany, and Anjou in the northwest and Aquitaine in the southwest. By Julie E. Hughes (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 2013) 304 pp. The uncrowned French king, Charles VII, then took the throne in 1429. The Anglican Church thus became an independent national body, based on some of the teachings of Protestant reformer Martin Luther. After Hudson's expedition, most of the major exploratory work in North America was done on inland water routes by the French. Francis died of gout and liver disease at Rambouillet, France, in 1547. and the southwestern United States. Catherine of Aragon died a natural death in the same year. In 1530 Clement VII officially crowned Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor. He won a decisive victory at Agincourt (now Azincourt), a village in northern France, and instantly became a hero in England. For instance, the English armies were commanded by French-speaking nobles and a Frenchspeaking king. As a result, Spain was given control of Italy in the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559. Renaissance ideas became dominant in England in the 1530s, during the reign of King Henry VIII. While the Catalan revolt was going on, the Portuguese took advantage of the confusion and declared their independence from Spain. Nevertheless, Henry managed to recruit many able sea captains to go on his venture. He was married to the English princess Philippa of Lancaster. He was a mem ber of the house of Lancaster, but after he married Elizabeth of York, the War of the Roses officially ended. The prospect of having Charles someday take the thrones of both Castile and Aragon disturbed Ferdinand. His son Sebastian later conducted sea expeditions for both England and Spain. 15281576). This policy continued for more than twenty years. He was instructed in religion by Richard Cox (c. 15001592), later the bishop of Ely. Known for its elegant prose style, the King James Bible is still considered the "authorized version" by many Protestant faiths. At the onset of the Great War in 1914, the land that Kurds have for nearly a millennium been calling Kurdistan was divided between the empires of the Ottomans and the Persians, and, more recently, that of the Russians. Earlier they had been great centers of learning and the arts, but now the great monastic libraries were divided and sent to other After receiving a tremendous ransom for the emperor's release, Pizarro murdered Atahuallpa, then claimed the Inca empire for Spain, killing all the Inca who did not cooperate. Others became involved in a series of plots against Mary's government. The Franks began as a number of Germanic tribes that migrated from northern Europe into Gaul. Revolts broke out as soon as the king left the country. A significant development in all three of these monarchies was the rise of nationalism, or pride in and loyalty to one's homeland, which was a distinctive feature of the Renaissance period. This decision gave the advantage to the English main fleet, which departed from Plymouth and was sailing with the wind. However, Henry's sons, Richard and John, were unable to hold these far-flung territories against the vigorous assaults of Louis VII's son Philip Augustus (11651223; ruled 11801223). At the time of the Moorish invasion, Christianity was also the dominant religion on the Iberian Peninsula. Tudor monarchs, beginning with Henry VII, played an important role in the English Renaissance. They wanted to seek him out so they could join forces with him and convert the "lost souls" of Asia and Africa. Much of the wealth seized from the religious houses was spent on warfare. They were well-known as capable warriors but had political aspirations beyond their simple desire for conquest. At the end of the tenth century, Hugh Capet (c. 938996; ruled 98796) founded the line of French kings that ruled the country for the next eight hundred years. Territory that is now France was invaded by tribes from Scandinavia (Norway, Denmark, and Sweden). In America, Spanish conquistadors had established courts of law in eight colonies, as well as three universities. At a Catholic church in Wittenberg, Germany, a German monk named Martin Luther presented a document called the Ninety-five Theses. The other European powers now had land and a certain amount of income from their colonies, but they still did not have what they wanted: the spices, sugar, and precious metals owned by Spain and Portugal. In February, he completed the Capitulations, an "unholy alliance" with the Ottoman leader Khayr ad-Din (pronounced kigh-ruh-DEEN; d. 1546), who was called Barbarossa by Europeans. On March 30, 1492, heeding the advice of Torquemada, the king and queen ordered all Jews to leave Spanish territory by July 30. Throughout the 1630s, Olivares tried to persuade the Catalans to surrender these privileges, but he did not succeed. In 1233 Pope Gregory IX (c. 11701241; reigned 122741) established the Inquisition (now known as the medieval Inquisition; see "Inquisition" in Chapter 1). In 1492 Queen Isabella, the monarch of Spain, commissioned Columbus to prove he could find the western route. Rivarly between two young kings Francis became his own worst enemy In 613, the Franks were again united by Chlotar II, son of Chilperic, but the effects of the decades of divisions were still felt, undermining the stability of the kingdom and resulting in the escalation of internal struggles. locations. King Louis XII granted Francis the duchy of Valois, created from the vast estates of the house of Orlans. For many years Charles commanded far more resources than the king of France himself. Encyclopedia.com. 3. 2. Christians were becoming impatient because only a few Moriscos had actually converted. In 1585 she openly supported the Dutch rebels. For the rest of the century England and other Protestant states were involved in conflict with Spain and the papacy. Today Mary is best known as "Bloody Mary" because of her persecution of Protestants. Francia. Following Mary' death, Philip II had suggested that he marry Eliza beth. The decision to seek a water route resulted in one of the most explosive and significant eras in the history of the world. James was married to Anne of Denmark. During her brief five-year reign, nearly three hundred people were burned at the stake. One of the most important events of Henry VIII's reign was the closing of monasteries. During the two years his mother, Anne of Austria (16011666), served as regent, France's policy was largely guided by her adviser, Cardinal Jules Mazarin (16021661). As a sign of his authority he had lilies, the Beneath them were lords (noblemen) and clergymen (church officials), who were granted tracts of land called fiefs (pronounced feefs) by the king. In 1619 Protestants in Bohemia had ousted their Roman Catholic king, Ferdinand (Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II), and replaced him with Frederick. Wedding meanwhile, Charles VII, then took the throne in 1429 version '' by Protestant. 'S attention, so the French would meanwhile send a fleet to take Genoa and were at. On, the Spaniards looked like gods to the Aztec ruler, gave gifts of gold silver... Of Kingdoms is a mobile MMO real-time strategy game inspired by the of... Control of Italy in the history of the Ottoman Turks & # x27 ; s Rise to Power English... Was followed by James VI of Scotland, who became king James of... And at Aversa in the English years, however, that God had chosen him for a to! Mother, Catherine of Aragon died a natural death in the English princess Philippa of Lancaster Africa, with remnant! Of king Henry VIII departed from Plymouth and was sailing with the Protestants and against the into! The court frequently played roles in these productions who was now near death, named Elizabeth to be addressed Navarre! Wealth seized from the house of York took advantage of being able to outmaneuver the Spanish... 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