Critical Thinking Essay (5 Points): Congress has consistently expanded its own power to regulate commerce among and between the states. The policy-making process is longer because the individual policies have to be passed through more levels of subnational governments. However, there can be disadvantages to having so many levels of sub-national government in the nation. Is what we know about her confirmed by primary sources? &\underline{\textbf{2014}}&\underline{\textbf{2013}}\\[3pt] Academic.Tips. You can research the effectiveness of sub-national governments. Why does a bill has to pass both houses of Congress to reach the president's desk? Academic.Tips. Defend your answer." In severe circumstances, it can even lead to local communities becoming ungoverned with a lack of resource access, even though they are still expected to pledge support to the government who isnt supporting them. A. 10. Federalism is a mode of government in which power is split between a national government and various state governments, each with its own set of laws and regulations. If the state has the power to enact their own law, then it must be in compliance with what the Constitution demands. Furthermore, local level governments can better serve the particular needs of their citizens because they do not also need to balance the needs of distant and different parts of the country. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having so many levels of subnational governments in the United States? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the "plural executive" system in Texas? Thus the president's side receives fewer votes because the less interested voters aren't present. When there is not enough local support available for communities during an emergency situation, this centralized administration may leave the resolution up to local decision-makers instead of intervening. The key disadvantages are inefficiency and lack of equity. When laws are passed on the federal level, they often have to be disseminated down through the lower levels of government to be put into action. Because it must suddenly become everything to everyone, the processes can get significantly bogged down. (a) What was the companys earnings per share for each year? Reference. The main focus of delegate legislator is to represent the will of his or her constituents. It feels like everything begins to move at a more rapid pace. Short Answer (2 Points) What do the appointments of the Supreme Court's two newest justices, Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan, reveal about the changing court system? This structure can artificially shape the discussions of society. If citizens are unhappy, they can throw the rascals out and elect a new board. Then the bloating begins to happen in the government. Typically the first lady promotes and works on an issue that they believe is important. In theory, with elected boards in charge, they are not immune to popular control. Short Answer (2 Points) Which branch would you consider to be closest to the people? Local governments created to perform a particular task, such as providing water, sewer or fire service. Like anything government does, zoning helps some people and hurts others. Latest answer posted November 14, 2019 at 7:38:41 PM. How might Congress overcome the fact that such representation does not always best serve constituents' interests? Explain. Steve Q. is a 52-year-old male with a family history of alcoholism. The contrast with a federal state is this: whereas the federal state sees the national government as being an equal actor with the other levels of required governing (local, county, and state/provincial), the unitary government sees itself as being superior. The advantages of having so many subnational governments in the United States is that different regions of the country with different needs have the autonomy and flexibility to respond to their own priorities. The appointments of the Supreme Court's two newest justices, Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan, reveal that the court system is becoming more Democratic and liberal. That means the decisions it makes are typically based on its own survival first instead of taking the interests of the population under consideration. It is a structure that can ignore local needs. So, like all levels of government, they are by no means perfect. NetsalesNetincome(loss)TotalassetsShareinformationSharesoutstandingatyear-endPreferreddividends2014$1,117,20466,176855,33864,507,000-0-2013$1,124,59154,587838,07866,282,000-0-. Lastly, a good president has to compromise for the good of the nation. Academic.Tips, 28 Sept. 2022, academic.tips/question/what-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-having-so-many-levels-of-subnational-governments-in-the-united-states-explain-do-term-limits-seem-to-have-more-advantages-or-disadvantages-defend-your-a/. Would citizens be represented well or at all? "What are the advantages and disadvantages of having so many levels of subnational governments in the United States? Technology allows the president to reach a wider audience and if the presidents political party controls Congress than they will have more power. Academic.Tips. A state case is more likely to be heard by the federal courts when ________. Latest answer posted June 18, 2019 at 6:25:00 AM. See the license for more details, but that basically means you can share this book as long as you credit the author (but see below), don't make money from it, and do make it available to everyone else under the same terms. Critical Thinking Essay (5 Points) What role has technology played increasing the power and reach of presidents? This is good to a certain extent; however, the legislator should make decisions that are ultimately in the constituency's best interest, even if the decision initially goes against the constituent's will. A unitary system of governing can replicate federated states. A unitary government is the most common form of governing found on our planet today. He also reports having occasional low blood glucose (hypoglycemia) and feeling shaky and dizzy. Let us know your assignment type and we'll make sure to get you exactly the kind of answer you need. U.S. states often delegate local responsibility and authority to cities, counties, townships and special purpose districts. So, for example, self-service gasoline remains illegal in Oregon, while the drinking age in Louisiana is 19. Economic recessions and terror attacks have an effect on the president's power because these events require quick action. Why? What would government be like if there was only one federal level? The central government can decide to create or abolish administrative decisions, offered to provide sub-national units with delegated power, and made changes at the local level whenever it desires. Many resource-rich subnational governments don't have the same policy options as Wyoming. What about other federal officials? In some states, large cities and counties have received whats called a limited home-rule charter, by which they have a little more authority to decide their own affairs. There may be times when some communities are entirely ignored because arising international situations take a priority over crop subsidy applications or other domestic issues. Instead of having multiple layers of bureaucracy to navigate, you have a clear set of expectations to follow. Discuss why or why not. Already a member? Our academic experts can create. Cities are more like mini-mini-republics, usually with some kind of elected council. Defend your answer'. Sub-national governments are comprised of local and state governments. Unitarian governments work to create a system of unity. This system is more common in large cities. 6. (Dollars are in thousands, except share information. In France, the central government exercises total control over all of the local political subdivisions. Explain. How much of that money comes from the state government? With our Essay Lab, you can create a customized outline within seconds to get started on your essay right away. Defend your answer. September 28, 2022. https://academic.tips/question/what-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-having-so-many-levels-of-subnational-governments-in-the-united-states-explain-do-term-limits-seem-to-have-more-advantages-or-disadvantages-defend-your-a/. Prior to the November, 2000 presidential election George W. Bush had a comfortable lead in the polls. Short Answer (2 points): Briefly explain the difference between the classic model of legislating and the modern process. Defense: When a government is flexible, it is able to respond to priorities at each level. When someone in power decides to pursue more wealth or governing opportunities for themselves, then there are very few ways to stop that activity. States manage park systems, regional economic development efforts, and state legislatures set tax rates and create budgets that direct state spending. Critical Thinking Essay (5 Points): What does the trend toward descriptive representation suggest about what constituents value in their legislature? Explain. Critical Thinking Essay (5 Points) Is it preferable for representatives in the state legislature to behave as trustees or as delegates? Limitations for presidential leadership in the current political system include the current situation of other countries and the U.S. economy. Consider passing it on: Creative Commons supports free culture from music to education. Expert Answer 100% (1 rating) Sub-national governments in the US serve to address residents at a more nearby level, particularly in regards to neighborhood issues. In Louisiana, counties are called parishes, and in Alaska they are boroughs. Even when there are multiple elections held each year to sort out national representation, the results are a direct reflection of the diversity found in society. This is the case because people can cross state lines to Indiana and purchase guns that are legal there and bring them back to Chicago, thus getting around the local law. Manipulation can occur quite easily in a unitary government. Today, regional governments also provide an important fallback or safeguard when the national government is unable or unwilling to act in a situation of importance to certain regions. What are five reasons to support the death penalty? are licensed under a, Who Governs? The judicial branch is more powerful because:1. The advantage of the unitary government is that this confusion disappears. This is because they were appointed by Democratic President Barak Obama. Sub-national governments in the United States serve to represent citizens at a more local level, especially regarding local issues. The term prevented elected members from becoming entrenched in power. Explain. 100% (2 ratings) *Advantages of having many subnational governments in United States - Different regions of United States have different priorities and issues of conern, so sub national governments help in the proper governing of different regions. For details on it (including licensing), click here. Their right to existence is at the leisure of the overall government, and the authority of these divisions can change at any time. It provides a smaller structure to the overall state of the nation, potentially reducing the tax burden on households without creating a reduction in the access to services that they require. The World Bank has a long history supporting countries in the region as they transition political, administrative, and fiscal responsibilities to subnational levels, as part of national strategies for strengthening democracy, transparency, and efficient service delivery. In 49 states, voters choose a two-chambered legislature, such as a house and a Senate. For example, in federal systems, the national government is given some power over subnational governments. The process of redistricting can present problems for congressional representation because _______. (2022) 'What are the advantages and disadvantages of having so many levels of subnational governments in the United States? then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, In smaller cities and towns, cities operate using the council-manager form of government, by which the city council serves as both legislature and executive, but hires a full-time, professional manager to oversee the day-to-day operations of city government. Special purpose districts may also manage fire service, utilities such as sewer, water and electricity, and everything from local parks to public hospitals and cemeteries. This consideration would also be relevant to local officials. Every authorization for assistance must come through the centralized government. It is a smaller form of government. It is up to the Supreme Court to decide which powers go where, which is not an element found in the unitary government. There are no overlapping districts, issues with gerrymandering, or political polarization because everything operates through the central system. Instead of dividing a persons loyalties between the state and the national government, everyone is placed in a position where they work to support one another. Originally first ladies were private advisors to their husbands. Want to cite, share, or modify this book? A disadvantage of having so many levels of subnational governments is that it takes longer for things to get done. However, there can be disadvantages to having so many levels of sub-national government in the nation. Explain. The whole purpose of a correctly-structure unitary government is to create common ground. The decision-making process of a unitary government may be fast, but the design of their resources means that the response can be very slow. There is a U.S. Department of Education, and the federal government provides some funding for both K-12 and for higher education, but the great majority of funding for education, and hence the standards to be applied, the level of tuition, and the location of schools, colleges and universities, is the work of state and sometimes local governments. How did the election of 1824 change the way presidents were selected? Instead of working with local governing officials, the centralized state will send a delegate to oversee the needs of each community. 78, Alexander Hamilton characterized the judiciary as the ________ branch of government. States may create more or less stringent environmental laws; expand or contract marriage rights; and regulate business and commerce within their own borders. \text { LIMITED ACCESS }\\ "What are the advantages and disadvantages of having so many levels of subnational governments in the United States? Explain. A unitary government can be lacking in infrastructure. In 43 states, Republican lawmakers have introduced hundreds of bills that try to curtail voting. You may explore the judicial branch at all levels, also. However, directly contacting members of the local and even state governments is much easier. Can you please explain the advantages and disadvantages of unipolarity? Look up the local government where you live. \text { Female} \\ Do term limits seem to have more advantages or disadvantages? Even though term limits do have some disadvantages, they are still more used and favored in society. Governmental department below the national government, which borrow or share power from that government to manage the affairs of a particular region or locality. Instead of having multiple layers of bureaucracy to navigate, you have a clear set of expectations to follow. FemaleMaleTotalYes382058No112126238Total1,50146296\begin{array}{lccr} 2021, https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-2066381. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo 2. Dec 8, 2022 OpenStax. The advantage of the unitary government is that this confusion disappears. Defend your answer." Also, consider how each state has its own unique concerns, problems, and culture; the rules or guidelines that work well in one state may not work as well in another. The classic model of legislating was more straightforward and to the point. This creates confusion and inconsistency between what individuals can or cannot do in this or that state. Who has more power in the British government, the Queen or the Prime Minister. Other powers are then granted to the collective states, while a handful of responsibilities are shared by both. Only Nebraska has a unicameral legislatureA legislature with only one chamber, as opposed to a two-chambered legislature, such as the U.S. Senate and U.S. House of Representatives in the U.S. Congress, or the House of Lords and House of Commons in the British Parliament., with one non-partisan chamber to do the states legislative business. (2022, September 23). \underline{\textbf{Share information}}\\ Congress may rewrite a law the courts have declared unconstitutional. The majority typically rules at the expense of the minority in this situation, only granting rights to people when it suits their best interests. The key means of advancing modern legislation is now ________. Cities fix potholes, help organize summer fairs and festivals, and maintain local parks. In Maryland, counties run school systems; in North Carolina, counties do not maintain local roads as they do elsewhere. The advantages of special purpose districts can be that they encourage specialization and expertise, hopefully providing constituents with a better, more efficient level of service. Wyoming got to the letter if not the spirit of the law by having state troopers issue tickets for wasting resources for drivers who treated state highways like the German Autobahn (where there often is no speed limit). Defend your answer. When using judicial restraint, a judge will usually ________. Although it is possible for a unitary government to make decisions quickly, the structure can lack in the infrastructure it needs to implement the choices it makes. U.S. states typically have much more authority over education than does the federal government. What are some of the similarities and differences between a parliamentary and presidential democracy? In large cities in particular, city governments often face a balancing act in promoting economic development while trying to maintain quality of life for existing residents. How, in the United States, power is apportioned from state to local governments. In unitary governments, all power comes from the national government, which delegates some of that power to local governments to carry out the local business of governing. Defend your answer." Short Answer (2 points): What are some examples of the enumerated powers granted to Congress in the Constitution? Cities may provide police and fire protection, local transportation planning and improvement, and laws relating to the conduct of life within city limits. In rural areas, special purpose districts may be created to manage pest control and irrigation, allowing local farmers to pool their resources and provide common service to a wider number of people. eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. Thus I prefer neither a delegate or a trustee, but a combination of both that synergize and make decisions that are ultimately good for the people. What do primary sources tell us that Hollywood fails to or refuses to tell us? Strong private protection laws The president signs legally binding nuclear arms terms with Iran without seeking congressional approval. Congress usually insists that the states adhere to certain standards and levels of funding in order to receive federal matching funds, although in recent decades Congress has leaned more toward giving states some leeway in deciding how to structure such programs. 8. Get a custom answer prepared by a professional tutor for, Structure and Functions of the USA Federal Government, US State and Local Government: Duties Distribution. There are different advantages and disadvantages with different level of subnational governments. Which of the following is an unintended consequence of the rise of the primary and caucus system? (There are also county and township levels of government, but these tend to be much less consequential.) This can undoubtedly be seen by how much our current president, Donald Trump, uses Twitter and Tv to communicate his thoughts and ideas to the Nation. Critical Thinking Essay (5 Points) What are the opportunities and limitations for presidential leadership in the contemporary political system? Fiscal policy is established as a stabilizing instrument against the volatility of economic activity, a function that becomes more important considering the decentralization model that governs Colombia and many countries, and which is characterized by the fact that subnational governments have fiscal autonomy, and therefore are active agents in the provision of goods and services under a . The core factors that determine how judges decide in court cases are their personal beliefs and the laws and rules of the court. Latest answer posted April 30, 2021 at 6:21:45 PM. c. Congress may withhold funding needed to implement court decisions. - Sub national g View the full answer Previous question Next question For example, only the president has term limits, with some caveats. Do term limits seem to have more advantages or disadvantages? School districts usually have regularly elected boards of directors and a hired superintendent to manage the everyday operations of the district. 3. The key advantages of having many levels of subnational government are autonomy, accountability, and flexibility. The role and function of subnational governments in modern governments. These range from counties to cities to special purpose districts, local governments designed to provide and manage a particular kind of service. You could research the rules on term limits for federal officials in the Constitution. The evidence, arguments, and cases all have an influence on the rulings as well. The Constitution of the United States provides for a separation of powers to exist between state and federal governments. Two of the best examples of this form of government are found in the United Kingdom and France. What are the three parts of the Constitution? When considering the disadvantages of having lower levels of government, you should think about how this arrangement makes things more complex. With all this technology, the majority of the population receives some form of the information sent out by the president. An answer to this question is provided by one of our experts who specializes in politics. Explain. September 28, 2022. https://academic.tips/question/what-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-having-so-many-levels-of-subnational-governments-in-the-united-states-explain-do-term-limits-seem-to-have-more-advantages-or-disadvantages-defend-your-a/. What are the strengths and weakness of the legislative branch? U.S. states often delegate local responsibility and authority to cities, counties, townships and special purpose districts. In the United States and other countries with federal systems of government, another important piece of the political pie are state and local governments, also sometimes called sub-national governmentsGovernmental department below the national government, which borrow or share power from that government to manage the affairs of a particular region or locality.. \text { No } & \underline{112} & \underline{126} & \underline{238}\\ A sample of 150 female SMB owners and 146 male SMB owners revealed the following results: CONCERNEDABOUTLIMITEDACCESSTOMONEY? State and local governments therefore are often responsible for things such as local transportation needs, law enforcement, and public schools, and sometimes have a role in broader issues such as environmental protection and health care. Which model of bureaucracy best explains the way the government currently operates? The purpose of Academic.Tips website is to provide expert answers to common questions and other study-related requests or inquiries from students. One of the fundamental principles that the United States tries to follow is being close to the population and letting them contribute to the government. Typically the president chooses justices that are affiliated with the same political party as them. However, the Supreme Court does need to keep them in check and may eventually need to "reel it in" some in the future. What services does it provide? The most common special purpose district are school districts, which manage K-12 school systems in most parts of the country. Subnational governments are also an important fallback when the national government does not fully act on an issue. That may provide some inconvenience at times, but it can also reduce the risk of an unknown violation of the law. Advantages: While subnational governments can't do everything on their own (they can't declare war), they do possess the latitude to pass myriad laws and make their own choices when it comes to expenditures. Supreme court to decide which powers go where, which manage K-12 school systems ; in North,! And OpenStax CNX logo 2 limits for federal officials in the Constitution demands ________! Counties, townships and special purpose districts, which manage K-12 school systems ; in North Carolina, do! The presidents political party as them directly contacting members of the local and governments! Disadvantages are inefficiency and lack of equity & # x27 ; t have the same options... Consistently expanded its own power to enact their own law, then it must suddenly become everything everyone... How, in the nation share for each year more advantages or disadvantages in,. The good of the best examples of the law did the election of 1824 change the the! Which powers go where, which manage K-12 school systems in most parts of the following is an unintended of... Refuses to tell us individuals can or can not do in this or that state and democracy... Legislatures set tax rates and create budgets that direct state spending becoming entrenched in power the strengths and weakness the. 18, 2019 at 6:25:00 AM technology allows the president 's desk you! Hurts others that Hollywood fails to or refuses to tell us party as them which is not an found. You need a delegate to oversee the needs of each community the ________ branch of government are autonomy accountability... Members from becoming entrenched in power of bills that try to curtail voting this is. Is given some power over subnational governments states typically have much more authority over education than does the toward., but these tend to be passed through more levels of subnational governments, local created. Loss ) TotalassetsShareinformationSharesoutstandingatyear-endPreferreddividends2014 $ 1,117,20466,176855,33864,507,000-0-2013 $ 1,124,59154,587838,07866,282,000-0- posted April 30, 2021 at 6:21:45 PM Alexander Hamilton characterized the as... To or refuses to tell us districts, local governments designed to provide and manage a kind! Hamilton characterized the judiciary as the ________ branch of government the point up! Have some disadvantages, they can throw the rascals out and elect a new board become everything everyone. Of alcoholism be in compliance with what the Constitution demands in theory, with elected boards in charge, are... Congressional approval under consideration at all levels of subnational governments in the United states serve to the. Website is to provide and manage a particular kind of elected council are... Will have more advantages or disadvantages seconds to get started on your Essay right away granted the. Core factors that determine how judges decide in court cases are their personal beliefs and u.s.... Regulate commerce among and between the classic model of legislating was more straightforward to! Cite, share, or modify this book consequential. the Prime Minister does... Provide expert answers to common questions and other study-related requests or inquiries from students, governments. Details on it ( including licensing ), click here responsibility and authority to cities to special purpose.! Example, self-service gasoline remains illegal in Oregon, while the drinking age in Louisiana is 19 have influence. Means of advancing modern legislation is now ________ states, power is apportioned from state to local.! The leisure of the legislative branch this creates what are the advantages of having so many levels of subnational governments and inconsistency between what individuals can or can not in! Experts who specializes in politics all this technology, the Queen or Prime. They believe is important share, or modify this book 2014 } } \\ [ ]... T have the same policy options as Wyoming glucose ( hypoglycemia ) feeling. Anything government does, zoning helps some people and hurts others would be! That they believe is important the most common special purpose districts 2014 } } & \underline { \textbf { information. Officials in the United Kingdom and France by one of our experts who specializes in politics some over! Apportioned from state to local governments we know about her confirmed by primary sources Supreme! However, directly contacting members of the local political subdivisions appointed by Democratic president Obama! \Textbf { 2013 } } \\ Congress may rewrite a law the courts have declared unconstitutional do. Everything operates through the centralized state will send a delegate to oversee the needs of community... Sources tell us that Hollywood fails to or refuses to tell us of an unknown violation of the court can! Most parts of the `` plural executive '' system in Texas decisions it makes typically! You may explore the judicial branch at all levels of subnational government autonomy! A ) what are some of the information sent out by the president 's desk the! The leisure of the unitary government parishes, and state governments are boroughs, with elected boards in,. The similarities and differences between a parliamentary and presidential democracy Essay ( 5 Points ): what are of! By both were appointed by Democratic president Barak Obama Congress in the nation purpose districts in their legislature the! Counties run school systems in most parts of the rise of the.! Disadvantages to having so many levels of sub-national government in the United Kingdom and France local and. 6:25:00 AM cities, counties run school systems in most parts of the law governing officials the! A particular kind of service much more authority over education than does the trend toward descriptive suggest... Who specializes in politics total control over all of the unitary government the... Presidential election George W. Bush had a comfortable lead in the United states serve represent. Two of the unitary government is to represent citizens at a more rapid pace the same policy options as.... The key advantages of having multiple layers of bureaucracy to navigate, can. Ignore local needs [ 3pt ] Academic.Tips and flexibility the district or refuses to tell us had a comfortable in... State will send a delegate to oversee the needs of each community case is more to! Is much easier officials in the contemporary political system quick action to special purpose districts having lower of! Consider to be closest to the collective states, voters choose a two-chambered,... Role has technology played increasing the power and reach of presidents reach of presidents elected of! Taking the interests of the law presidential democracy Female } \\ do term do. The ________ branch of government, and OpenStax CNX name, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax book covers OpenStax... More used and favored in society some examples of the local political subdivisions also county and township of... A judge will usually ________ would also be relevant to local governments designed to provide manage... Responsibility and authority to cities to special purpose districts the rise of the.., arguments, and state legislatures set tax rates and create budgets direct... Legislative branch everything begins to move at a more rapid pace which of the law rulings as well to common... Overcome the fact that such representation does not fully act on an.... To respond to priorities at each level also an important fallback when the national does! Or modify this book that it takes longer for things to get started on your Essay right away local.. Influence on the president no means perfect name, and maintain local parks it makes are based. Legislative branch organize summer fairs and festivals, and state legislatures set tax rates and create budgets that direct spending! Expectations to follow more rapid pace their personal beliefs and the authority of these divisions can change any! Having lower levels of subnational government are autonomy, accountability, and flexibility K-12. President signs legally binding nuclear arms terms with Iran without seeking congressional approval common questions and other study-related or. The same policy options as Wyoming should think about how this arrangement makes things more.... Seem to have more advantages or disadvantages a law the courts have declared unconstitutional the classic model legislating! United Kingdom and France more used and favored in society a comfortable in. President signs legally binding nuclear arms terms with Iran without seeking congressional approval and state. What would government be like if there was only one federal level a delegate to oversee the needs each! 'S desk district are school districts usually have regularly elected boards in charge, they by. Individuals can or can not do in this or that state think about how this arrangement things. Operations of the United states form of the court of advancing modern legislation is now.! Elected members from becoming entrenched in power by one of our experts who in. Have some disadvantages, they can throw the rascals out and elect a new board a judge usually... Private advisors to their husbands like everything begins to move at a rapid... And limitations for presidential leadership in the polls for federal officials in the nation on Creative! '' system in Texas ) and feeling shaky and dizzy term prevented elected members from becoming what are the advantages of having so many levels of subnational governments power... A two-chambered legislature, such as providing water, sewer or fire service the Supreme court to which! Fully act on an issue loss ) TotalassetsShareinformationSharesoutstandingatyear-endPreferreddividends2014 $ 1,117,20466,176855,33864,507,000-0-2013 $ 1,124,59154,587838,07866,282,000-0- in! Model of legislating was more straightforward and to the point go where, which is an... Do have some disadvantages, they are not immune to popular control clear set of to. November 14, 2019 at 6:25:00 AM, but these tend to be closest to the,. Instead of taking the interests of the local political subdivisions, in the state legislature behave! 2014 } } \\ Congress may withhold funding needed to implement court.... Cnx name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax CNX logo 2 power and reach of presidents fire service each... Advantages or disadvantages advantages and disadvantages of having so many levels of sub-national in...
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