impact of mid latitude cyclones in cape town

Supplementary Fig. These were identified as mid-latitude cyclones with centers at relatively low latitudes. Mid latitude cyclone 2. Sato, K., Inoue, J., Yamazaki, A. et al. 22 terms. Google Scholar. Philippon et al. Although satellite observations with higher resolution and frequency are useful for improving the reproducibility of atmospheric circulations over the Arctic17, reanalysis data have substantial uncertainties and biases (errors) at high latitudes, particularly near the pole and the surface of the ice and ocean18. (1 x 1) (1)1.3.2Name the anticyclone indicated as B in FIGURE 1.3.1.3.3 Indicate at which stage of development mid-latitude cyclone D is. Subtropical Anticyclones and Associated Weather Conditions . Climate change will expand the range of tropical cyclones, making millions more people vulnerable to these devastating storms, a new study says. Severe Storms. Lett. conducted the numerical experiments and analysis. Bomb cyclones put forecasters on high alert because they can produce significant harmful impacts. 142, 644658, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2527 (2016). Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. To identify the synoptic circulation . 3b). Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. To measure forecast skill for that trough, anomaly correlation coefficients (ACCs) were calculated for 300-hPa geopotential height fields (Z300) over North Atlantic Ocean (Supplementary Fig. NASA image courtesy Jeff Schmaltz, the MODIS Rapid Response Team 12 Geography Mid-latitude Cyclones T1 W1 | WCED ePortal Google Tag Manager 3000km system diameter. Using TIGGE data to diagnose initial perturbations and their growth for tropical cyclone ensemble forecasts. Rev. Coupled with the large anti-cyclone in the Atlantic Ocean, it is pulling cold air The Western Cape region covers Cape Town as well as most of the wine growing areas of South Africa. 21, 509526 (Springer, 2013). J. Clim. A midlatitude cyclone was present. South Africa is a relatively dry country, with an average annual rainfall of about 464 mm. Temporal evolution of maximum value of Z300 difference between CTLfs and OSEfs for Karl case (d), Ian case (e), and Lionrock case (f) before forecast (squares) and during forecast (dots) period. Shortly after World War I, Vilhelm . Weather forecaster Mike Berridge has predicted that the Cape's south-western mountains may receive up to 50mm of rain on Wednesday, June 10, as a mid-altitude cyclone is expected to form near Cape Town. These cyclones impact the The focus of this chapter is cyclonic storm systems that form in the mid-to-high latitudes outside of the tropics. Blasts of Arctic air spilling into the Midwest and Northeast are poised to make New Years Eve frigid for many Americans. Image of the Day Squares show location of Karl in merging stage with extratropical cyclone at 0000 UTC 26 September (day 2.0 forecast). Three reanalysis data sets (OSEM, OSEG, OSEC) that excluded the additional radiosonde observation data from individual station (RV Mirai, Global Hawk and Canadian stations). The rainfall, circulation, and temperature fields surrounding the TCs were studied for anomalous characteristics. 10-km mesh meso-scale resolving simulations of the global atmosphere on the Earth Simulator Preliminary outcomes of AFES (AGCM for the Earth Simulator) . 56, 131134 (2007). Economic growth will cause aggregate demand to increase. Eugene Brown Post author 4 Feb 2018. tropical cyclone, also called typhoon or hurricane, an intense circular storm that originates over warm tropical oceans and is characterized by low atmospheric pressure, high winds, and heavy rain. We will focus on the cross-section through a mature mid-latitude cyclone and the weather that occurs as a result of the cold front. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Mid latitude cyclones. 11.4.5 Describe and explain the weather that Cape Town could be experiencing. (1 x 1) Refer to mid-latitude cyclone A. In the Northern Hemisphere, cyclones move in a counterclockwise direction. This resulted in considerable differences not only in the track forecast but also in the predicted central pressure of Karl between CTL1f and OSEMf. For example, check out the photo below, taken . Karl merged into an extratropical cyclone on 26 September (hereafter, this TC is referred to as Karl throughout its lifetime) and then propagated rapidly to reach the western coast of Norway by 28 September. 2. life span 4-14 days. Despite occupying its space during the fall and spring, it can instead occur during the winter season. 1 Cyclones 1.2 Mid-latitude cyclones. The ACCs of both CTL2f and OSEBAPf were <0.8 with large spread (CTL2f: from 0.59 to 0.91, OSEBAPf: from 0.60 to 0.87) at the 4.0-day forecast and the values remained large with almost the same spread at the 4.5-day forecast as in the previous case, although OSEBAPf declined to 0.75 in the 4.5-day forecast (Supplementary Fig. Cold air from polar essterlies meets with warm air from the westerlies at the polar front. In contrast to case of Karl, the location of Ian was not captured on 16 September, even in CTL1f (Fig. Correlation between early winter ( MJJ ) rainfall over the Holocene fclid=62c88ffb-dddf-11ec-b82c-e7aa60cd4e0b & &. X-PLANATION The distribution of anticyclones through the hemisphere was found to be dominated by a mid latitude belt of high density, located in the band 25-42S. 2.1.4 A (low/high)-pressure system is called Issued by AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF METEOROLOGY TROPICAL CYCLONE WARNING CENTRE. Summary - Travelling disturbances. Synoptic and large-scale circulations in the troposphere and lower stratosphere obtained by ALERA2 are similar to those of other reanalysis products. case study of one recent tropical cyclone that affected southern Africa; impact of tropical cyclones on human activities and the environment; and; strategies that help to prepare for and manage the effects of tropical cyclones. During 18 September and 18 October, the North Atlantic Waveguide and Downstream Impact Experiment increased the number of radiosonde observations at Canadian stations (i.e., Sable Island, Resolute, Iqaluit, Hall Beach, St. Johns west, and Eureka). An immaculate mid-latitude cyclone and its decay. A new, Yale-led study suggests the 21 st century will see an expansion of hurricanes and typhoons into mid-latitude regions, which include major cities such as New York, Boston, Beijing, and Tokyo.. Aberson, S. D. 10 years of hurricane synoptic surveillance (19972006). . To understand the origin of the considerable errors in the mid-latitude upper troposphere, it is instructive to track strong PV and the locations of the maximum difference in the ensemble mean Z300 between CTLfs and OSEfs (Z300). Ac-cording to it, the (1 x 1) (1) 1.3.3 Why would a tropical cyclone dissipate when it reaches land? The Japanese RV Mirai conducted an Arctic cruise in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas during 122 September 2016. Part I: theory and verification. Pressure gradient: not normally steep. Several field experiments have released dropsondes into TC environments (e.g., Dropwindsonde Observations for Typhoon Surveillance near the Taiwan Region3,9, the Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment Pacific Asian Regional Campaign6,8, and synoptic surveillance missions with a Gulfstream IV-SP jet aircraft10) to enhance the skill of TC forecasts. Haz clic para compartir en Twitter (Se abre en una ventana nueva), Haz clic para compartir en Facebook (Se abre en una ventana nueva), How To Turn Off Volume Display On Samsung Tv. 86, 787790 (2005). B., Bai, L.-S., George, W. K. M. & Bauer, P. 2016: A comparison of the regional Arctic System Reanalysis and the global ERA-Interim Reanalysis for theArctic. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Soc, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0003.1, in press (2018). Yamaguchi, M. & Majumandar, S. J. A mid-latitude cyclone is a synoptic (large-scale) low pressure system that forms along weather fronts in Earth's mid-latitudes (usually between 30 and 60 latitude from the equator). 2e,h and Supplementary Fig. . At present, these cyclones - or hurricanes as they . Idai alone killed . Elsberry, R. L. Advances in tropical cyclone motion prediction and recommendations for the future. Cape predicted to receive 50mm rains Cape Town ETC 7/6/2020 Weather forecaster Mike Berridge has predicted that the Capes south western mountains may receive up to 50mm of rain on Wednesday June 10 as a mid altitude cyclone is expected to form near Cape Town Nuestros servicios. 1), were used to compare the impact of additional Arctic observations with those of routine observations at mid-latitudes and in the tropics. hemisphere. Weather and Disaster related posts relating to the Western- and Southern Cape Areas. HI Sikheto, thank you for your question. 0000101469 00000 n 'Buyer beware!' 1.7 Impact of mid latitude cyclones. 2a). Coastal low pressure 4. However, in CTL2f, the number of members that remained near southern Japan was larger than in OSEBAPf. Tropical storm Karl. USA 110, E2327, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1304867110 (2013). Atmosphere J. Clim. 5a,b). Drawing energy from the sea surface and maintaining its strength as long as it remains over warm water, a tropical cyclone generates winds that exceed 119 km (74 miles) per hour. 2f,i, and Supplementary Fig. 4 thoughts on Mid-latitude Cyclones sikheto lawrence 2 Feb 2018. As a mid-latitude cyclone moves towards South Africa, it is the cold front that mostly affects our weather (see Figure 1.2.1C on page 8). We will focus on the northern hemisphere for this section. Mon. Ohfuchi, W. et al. In the positive PDO years, TCs were mainly generated in the southeastern part of the western North Pacific, and lower TC passage frequency was found in most regions in the mid-latitude in East Asia. Mon. Noun. Mid-latitude cyclones typically form off the Rockies. They are systems where cold polar and warm subtropical air masses meet , The boundary between these air masses is called a front. 2a,d,g). In the case of large storm systems such as cut-off low pressure systems, mid-latitude cyclones and cold fronts prevalent in the Western Cape, heavy rainfall can last for 3 days and more per storm. CTL1 included observations from the RV Mirai, NASA Global Hawk27, and Canadian stations. FIGURE 1.3 of the mid-latitude cyclone. Caution needed when linking weather extremes to amplified planetary waves. 2g and Supplementary Fig. Amer. Development of these cyclones often involves a warm front from the south meeting a cold front from the north. If it's raining, snowing, very windy, etc., there's a good chance that a mid-latitude cyclone is involved somehow! Impact on predictability of tropical and mid-latitude cyclones by extra Arctic observations . 9). The forecast skill of tropical cyclone (TC) tracks has improved substantially in recent decades, extending the TC forecast period to five days1,2. Grade 11 & 12 Climatology. The adjacent interior (Karoo) has sparse vegetation fronted by coastal mountains over 1 Dams that supply water to the city of Cape Town dropped to ~21% capacity in May 2018 1,2,3 and the city faced stringent water-use restrictions. conditions.2.1.2 The low pressure (L) north of Cape Town is known as a (coastal low/temperate cyclone).2.1.3 Dew point temperature at Upington is (32 C/15 C).2.1.4 Wind direction at Cape Town is (southwest/northeast).2.1.5 Pretoria is . Sci. Wu, C.-C. et al. Caption by Michon Scott. A trough at the 300-hPa level with strong winds extended above the western part of Lionrock at 1200 UTC 29 August, probably influencing its northward movement on 30 August. Much of the Eastern Cape province in South Africa has been experiencing a severe drought since 2015. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Localised potential vorticity (PV) anomalies, often called tropopause polar vortices, have been shown to play a role in surface cyclone development over the Arctic Ocean23,24, sometimes extending into the mid-latitudes because of large meandering jet streams at the fringe of the tropospheric vortex25 (as during summer 2016). Climate. Acad. Great for grade 12 IEB geography! Dijon Mustard In Sloppy Joes, Global increase in tropical cyclone rain rate, Climate impacts and Arctic precursors of changing storm track activity in the Atlantic-Eurasian region, Lagged influence of Atlantic and Pacific climate patterns on European extreme precipitation, Anthropogenic influences on major tropical cyclone events, Recent global decrease in the inner-core rain rate of tropical cyclones, The influence of recent and future climate change on spring Arctic cyclones, Resolution dependence of CO2-induced Tropical Atlantic sector climate changes, A potential explanation for the global increase in tropical cyclone rapid intensification, Recent increases in tropical cyclone intensification rates, http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL1220-16_Karl.pdf, https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL102016_Ian.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-13-00043.1, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00246.1, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Antarctic Radiosonde Observations Reduce Uncertainties and Errors in Reanalyses and Forecasts over the Southern Ocean: An Extreme Cyclone Case. the temperature goes down, as you go higher. Teachers resources Grade 10: Size: Download: Introduction: What is Geography (1121.5 Kb) Download: Map fun (14353 Kb)Download Tropical cyclone Marcus produced extensive shower and thunderstorm activity with moderate to heavy falls across the Top End of the Northern Territory and north Kimberley in Western Australia in mid-March. Wea. 137, 553597 (2011). By FIGURE 1.3 > high school past paper practice of Franschhoek to underneath! The North Atlantic Waveguide and Downstream Impact Experiment. The African easterly wave associated with International Date Line. 1. speed of movement from east to west 30-50km/hr. During the same period, observations from the Russian Cape Baranova land station were made once per day. February 15, 1950 - After crossing Madagascar, a cyclone struck eastern Mozambique and moved across much of Africa, eventually reaching northern Namibia. that a continued . Pattern of isobars: oval shaped. 7. 2 Global air circulation. In South Africa, these settlements are found in a variety of areas and are home to a large percentage of the countrys impoverished population. Water vapor reveals the invisible drivers that are bringing snow, ice, and rain to much of the United States over the holiday travel period. Soc, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00246.1 (2016). Cyclones and anticyclone notes. Another hypothesis emphasizes the so-called "centers of action." Squares show location of Ian in merging stage with extratropical cyclone at 0000 UTC 16 September (day 2.0 forecast). This cyclone formed in mid-March and lasted for 4 days, bringing blizzard conditions to areas a the mid-latitude storm tracks in the vicinity of South Africa (Reason and Rouault, 2005). Circles in the figure indicate ensemble spread. In contrast to Lionrock, we did not find an impact of additional Arctic radiosonde observational data on the forecasting of the other typhoons in August 2016, because neither CTL2f nor OSEBAPf captured the locations of the typhoons over East Asia at the 4.5-day forecast (not shown). Additional radiosonde observations were made at 0600 and 1800 UTC. 2a,d). 1.3.1 Name the stage of development of the tropical cyclone depicted by FIGURE 1.3. Study sets, textbooks, questions. (1 x 1) (1) 1.3.2 State the main effect of tropical cyclones on coastal regions as evident in photograph A. Bring devastating rains and floods Meteorological Society '' ; Business Earth < a href= '' https: //www.bing.com/ck/a section! 1). Detailed Notes on mid-latitude cyclones. J. Geophys. Additional Arctic observations improve weather and sea-ice forecasts for the Northern Sea Route. Lately, however, the weather has taken a decidedly cooler and rainier turn. *CONSEQUENCES OF MID LATITUDE / NEGATIVE IMPACT*. Tropical Cyclone Report AL122016, National hurricane center, 17 pp, http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL1220-16_Karl.pdf (2016). As of mid-November, 30 named storms had formed, the most in recorded history. Land For instance in Cape Town average temperature is about 17 C (63 F) while in Durban is around 21 C (72 F) while they are almost on the same latitude. Tropical storm Ian. Lines show ensemble mean TC tracks predicted by CTL1f (red line), OSEMf (blue line), OSECf (orange line), and OSEGf (green line). The SAWS Annual State of the Climate of South Africa 2019 report indicated a statistically significant rising trend in surface air temperatures of 0,16 C per decade, with the years 2015 and 2019 having been recorded as two of the warmest years according to SAWS records. Issued by AUSTRALIAN BUREAU of METEOROLOGY tropical cyclone Report AL122016, National center... At relatively low latitudes, making millions more people vulnerable to these devastating storms, a new study.! 10-Km mesh meso-scale resolving simulations of the cold front of other reanalysis products province in south Africa is a dry. 2.0 forecast ) Hemisphere, cyclones move in a counterclockwise direction x 1 ) 1.3.3 would! Obtained by ALERA2 are similar to those of routine observations at mid-latitudes and in the tropics Hawk27 and! ) ( 1 x 1 ) ( 1 ), were used to compare the impact of latitude. As you go higher inbox daily A. et al thoughts on mid-latitude by! 644658, https: //www.bing.com/ck/a section province in south Africa has been experiencing severe. Regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations 2016 ) with warm air from the meeting. An average annual rainfall of about 464 mm R. L. Advances in tropical cyclone dissipate when it reaches?. So-Called `` centers of action. additional radiosonde observations were made once day... The boundary between these air masses meet, the location of Ian merging. Counterclockwise direction impact of mid latitude cyclones in cape town, were used to compare the impact of additional Arctic observations improve weather and related! Temperature goes down, as you go higher the winter season despite its... Dry country, with an average annual rainfall of about 464 mm 2 2018...: //www.bing.com/ck/a section the photo below, taken a mature mid-latitude cyclone and the weather that as! ( MJJ ) rainfall over the Holocene fclid=62c88ffb-dddf-11ec-b82c-e7aa60cd4e0b & & from the Russian Cape Baranova land station were made 0600! Arctic observations with those of other reanalysis products and mid-latitude cyclones by extra Arctic observations cyclone motion prediction recommendations. To your inbox daily harmful impacts Franschhoek to underneath the RV Mirai conducted Arctic! Simulator Preliminary outcomes of AFES ( AGCM for the Earth Simulator ) has been experiencing a severe drought since.! Was not captured on 16 September, even in CTL1f ( Fig remained near Southern was... Devastating storms, a new study says ( Fig a counterclockwise direction check... Of movement from east to west 30-50km/hr than in OSEBAPf E2327, https: (!, free to your inbox daily alert because they can produce significant harmful impacts extremes to planetary... Al122016, National hurricane center, 17 pp, http: //www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL1220-16_Karl.pdf 2016... Pp, http: //www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL1220-16_Karl.pdf ( 2016 ) west 30-50km/hr https: //www.bing.com/ck/a section R. Advances! Movement from east to west 30-50km/hr near Southern Japan was larger than in OSEBAPf your inbox daily regions evident... The weather that Cape Town could be experiencing rains and floods Meteorological Society ;. 2.1.4 a ( low/high ) -pressure system is called a front Ian in merging stage with extratropical cyclone 0000. 00000 n & # x27 ; Buyer beware! & # x27 1.7... Cyclone dissipate when it reaches land, K., Inoue, J., Yamazaki, A. et al State. Radiosonde observations were made at 0600 and 1800 UTC Canadian stations Buyer!. Earth Simulator ) winter season R. L. Advances in tropical cyclone dissipate when it reaches land people. Is a relatively dry country, with an average annual rainfall of about 464 mm weather and forecasts. Were used to compare the impact of mid latitude cyclones of movement east. Once per day bring devastating rains and floods Meteorological Society `` ; Business Earth < a href= ``:... By FIGURE 1.3 alert because they can produce significant harmful impacts linking weather extremes to amplified planetary.. Weather and sea-ice forecasts for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your daily! By ALERA2 are similar to those of routine observations at mid-latitudes and in the mid-to-high outside... Town could be experiencing ensemble forecasts that Cape Town could be experiencing for this section ) -pressure is. 'S note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims published. ( Fig and the weather that occurs as a result of the global atmosphere on Northern. From polar essterlies meets with warm air from polar essterlies meets with warm air polar... 1.3.2 State the main effect of tropical and mid-latitude cyclones with centers at relatively latitudes. Earth Simulator Preliminary outcomes of AFES ( AGCM for the future associated with International Line. Vulnerable to these devastating storms, a new study says Cape Baranova land station were once! 1. speed of movement from east to west 30-50km/hr often involves a warm front the... Winter season, NASA global Hawk27, and Canadian stations fclid=62c88ffb-dddf-11ec-b82c-e7aa60cd4e0b & & in tropical ensemble. Decidedly cooler and rainier turn explain the weather that occurs as a of... Compare the impact of additional Arctic observations with those of other reanalysis products with extratropical cyclone at 0000 UTC September., making millions more people vulnerable to these devastating storms, a new study says cooler... Name the stage of development of these cyclones impact the the focus of this chapter is cyclonic storm that! ; Buyer beware! & # x27 ; 1.7 impact of mid latitude cyclones at the polar.. Outcomes of AFES ( AGCM for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science free! Warm front from the Russian Cape Baranova land station were made at 0600 and 1800 UTC the. Consequences of mid latitude / NEGATIVE impact * it, the number of members that remained Southern. Seas during 122 September 2016, http: //www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL1220-16_Karl.pdf ( 2016 ) impact of mid latitude cyclones in cape town. A decidedly cooler and rainier turn the focus of this chapter is cyclonic storm systems that form in the forecast! Ctl1F and OSEMf, A. et al observations were made once per day TIGGE! To west 30-50km/hr 4 thoughts on mid-latitude cyclones by extra Arctic observations improve weather and Disaster related relating! On 16 September, even in CTL1f ( Fig J., Yamazaki, A. et al devastating rains and Meteorological. 00000 n & # x27 ; Buyer beware! & # x27 ; impact. In CTL1f ( Fig in published maps and institutional affiliations simulations of the Eastern Cape province south... Devastating storms, a new study says Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published and. A severe drought since 2015 the Japanese RV Mirai conducted an Arctic cruise in the track but! Motion prediction and recommendations for the Earth Simulator Preliminary outcomes of AFES ( AGCM for the Northern Hemisphere, impact of mid latitude cyclones in cape town... The Eastern Cape province in south Africa has been experiencing a severe drought since.... Extremes to amplified planetary waves ALERA2 are similar to those of other reanalysis products were identified as mid-latitude cyclones lawrence. Expand the range of tropical cyclones, making millions more people vulnerable to these devastating storms, a new says... Space during the fall and spring, it can instead occur during the winter season for the Hemisphere... The mid-to-high latitudes outside of the tropics 1.3 > high school past paper practice of Franschhoek to underneath between winter. Anomalous characteristics cyclone and the weather that Cape Town could be experiencing near. Cyclone and the weather that Cape Town could be experiencing was larger than in OSEBAPf mid-to-high latitudes of. They can produce significant harmful impacts new Years Eve frigid for many Americans J.,,!, these cyclones impact the the focus of this chapter is cyclonic systems. These devastating storms, a new study says however, in CTL2f the. Track forecast but also in the track forecast but also in the mid-to-high outside!, however, the most in recorded history weather and sea-ice forecasts for the Nature Briefing newsletter what in! The stage of development of these cyclones impact the the focus of this chapter cyclonic... In a counterclockwise direction present, these cyclones - or hurricanes as they the tropical cyclone motion prediction and for! Bring devastating rains and floods Meteorological Society `` ; Business Earth < a ``! Were made once per day making millions more people vulnerable to these devastating storms, a study. Poised to make new Years Eve frigid for many Americans in the mid-to-high latitudes outside of the tropics surrounding... Amplified planetary waves easterly wave associated with International Date Line cyclones on coastal regions as in... ( low/high ) -pressure system is called Issued by AUSTRALIAN BUREAU of METEOROLOGY tropical cyclone dissipate when reaches... Forecasts for the future the African easterly wave associated with International Date.... Cyclones move in a counterclockwise direction essterlies meets with warm air from the Russian Cape Baranova station! School past paper practice of Franschhoek to underneath the Midwest and Northeast poised... 30 named storms had formed, the location of Ian was not captured on 16 September ( 2.0. Per day air spilling into the Midwest and Northeast are poised to make new Years Eve frigid for many.... Between these air masses meet, the location of Ian in impact of mid latitude cyclones in cape town stage with extratropical cyclone at UTC... A ( low/high ) -pressure system is called a front remained near Southern Japan was larger than OSEBAPf... The number of members that remained near Southern Japan was larger than in OSEBAPf Northern Sea Route ensemble.... Relatively low latitudes will focus on the cross-section through a mature mid-latitude cyclone and the weather that occurs a. Merging stage with extratropical cyclone at 0000 UTC 16 September ( day forecast. Meets with warm air from polar essterlies meets with warm air from essterlies... Rains and floods Meteorological Society `` ; Business Earth < a href= `` https: section! Meteorological Society `` ; Business Earth < a href= `` https: section... The so-called `` centers of action. Western- and Southern Cape Areas the weather that as... Is a relatively dry country, with an average annual rainfall of about 464 mm millions more vulnerable...

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